Foolish and wise: Unique to Matthew, the parable or allegory of the ten virgins emphasizes the stance of members of Matthew’s church—watching, knowing what is commanded, and doing it. The themes of the parable—delay, prudence, preparedness, and division within a group—tie it into the context of the whole eschatological discourse. The wise are those who are prepared (bring enough oil), while the foolish are those who are unprepared (run out of oil).
One interesting detail of this parable is the fact that the oil cannot be shared. The wise cannot give some of their oil to the foolish. According to Matthew, one is either prepared for the coming of the bridegroom (Jesus) or one is not. The irresponsibility of the five foolish virgins cannot be reversed as they await the coming of the Son of Man.
However, the author also rejects an overt enthusiasm while waiting for the coming of the Son of Man. All ten virgins became drowsy and fell asleep. Matthew is trying to guide the members of his church to a balanced view of the “in-between time” in which they were living. He is affirming the coming of the Son of Man, but he is also affirming that there is delay. The community should be prepared (have enough oil), but it should not expect the second coming to be too soon.